Heat Exchanger
Whether a heat exchanger is plate or shell-and-tube decides almost everything about it — serviceability, fouling tolerance, footprint — and picking the wrong format for the duty causes more downtime than any single component failure inside it.
Read more — Heat Exchanger explained ▾
What makes this type what it is
A marine heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluid streams without mixing them, and the design choice between plate and shell-and-tube construction drives nearly every practical difference downstream. Plate heat exchangers stack thin corrugated plates in a frame, giving a compact footprint and high heat transfer per unit volume, and they open for cleaning by simply unbolting the frame. Shell-and-tube exchangers route one fluid through a bundle of tubes inside a shell carrying the other fluid, tolerate higher pressures and fouling better, and are harder to inspect without pulling the tube bundle. Neither is universally better; the choice tracks the duty, the fluids involved and how often the unit will need cleaning.
Main components
Plates or tube bundle
Corrugated plates with elastomer gaskets on plate types, or a tube bundle with baffles supporting the tubes and directing shell-side flow on shell-and-tube types.
Frame or shell
The pressure-containing structure; plate frames use tie bolts to compress the plate pack, shells are welded pressure vessels with removable end covers for tube access.
Gaskets or tube-to-tubesheet joints
Elastomer gaskets on plate exchangers are a scheduled wear item; tube-to-tubesheet joints on shell-and-tube units are expanded or welded and rarely serviced but expensive to repair if they fail.
Instrumentation
Temperature and, on critical duties, differential pressure sensing across the exchanger to flag fouling before it compromises the cooling or heating duty it supports.
Selection / Sizing
- Duty (kW) and the approach temperature required, since a tighter approach temperature needs more surface area for the same flow.
- Fouling tendency of both fluids — seawater cooling and heavy fuel heating both foul faster than closed fresh-water loops, favouring designs that are easy to open and clean.
- Pressure rating and material compatibility, particularly plate gasket material against fuel, oil or seawater chemistry and temperature.
- Available footprint and whether the plate pack can physically be pulled and cleaned in place, which matters more in a cramped engine room than the datasheet ever shows.
Regulations / Class
Heat exchangers in essential systems such as jacket water cooling, lube oil cooling and fuel heating fall under class rules for pressure-retaining equipment, with design pressure, hydrostatic test pressure and material certification recorded and checked at survey. Units in the fuel oil heating or cooling circuit for essential services are typically required to be duplicated or otherwise arranged so a single unit's failure does not stop propulsion.
Typical faults
| Fault | Cause | Consequence |
|---|---|---|
| Rising outlet temperature at constant flow | Fouling building up on the heat transfer surface | Cooling or heating duty falls short, downstream equipment runs hotter |
| External leakage at the frame | Gasket ageing or incorrect tie-bolt torque after reassembly | Fluid loss, potential mixing of the two circuits if severe |
| Internal cross-contamination | Plate crack or tube pinhole from erosion or corrosion | One fluid contaminates the other, sometimes undetected for weeks |
| Rising pressure drop | Partial blockage from debris or scale | Pump has to work harder, flow to the exchanger falls further |
What to look for in a supplier
- Material and gasket compatibility confirmed against the actual fluids, temperatures and pressures, not a generic recommendation.
- A thermal design calculation for the specific duty rather than a resized catalogue unit.
- Spare plate packs or tube bundles available as a stocked item, since lead time on a custom bundle can be long.
- Test certificates for hydrostatic pressure testing at the design pressure.
A slowly rising outlet temperature on an otherwise unremarkable exchanger is fouling building up in real time — catching it on a trend before it hits the alarm setpoint saves an unplanned cooling shutdown later.
16 manufacturers · 601 models
Alfa Laval
586
- M3
- M6
- M10
- M15
- M20
- M30
- MX25
- 10
- 10000
- Design Pressure M-Line
- >10 bar (145 psi)
- Marine Engine Room Modelle
- T6 (DN60, 800 kW) bis T35 (DN350, 35.000 kW)
- Marine FSRU Modelle
- TS45, T45, T50 (DN450-500, 45.000-55.000 kW)
- Temperaturbereich Standard
- 0-180°C (je nach Modell)
- FSRU Temperaturbereich
- -50 bis 150°C
- Plattentypen
- Chevron, Gemini Doppelwand, FlexFlow™
- M-Line (High Pressure Series: M3, M6, M10, M15)
- T-Series (Industrial: T2, T5, T6, T8, T10, T20, T25)
- AQ-Series (HVAC: AQ1, AQ2, AQ3, AQ4, AQ10)
- Marine Line (Engine Room: T6-T35; FSRU: TS45, T45, T50)
- Baseline (Competitive Line)
- Hygienic Line (Premium)
- Area: Gasket-Verschleiß und -VersprödungCheck: Dichtungen visuell auf Risse, Verhärtung, Quellung und Verfärbung inspizieren; Material-Kompatibilität mit Prozessflüssigkeiten überprüfen; ClipGrip™ Befestigung kontrollieren. Alterungserscheinungen und Elastizitätsverlust sind Austausch-Indikatoren.
- Area: Anpress-Maß und Dichtheit (Tightening Dimension A)Check: A-Dimension gemäß Herstellerangaben mit Messschieber überprüfen (metallischer Kontakt erforderlich). Bolzen sauber halten und schmieren. Überdrehen vermeiden. Regelmäßiges Nachziehen nach Betriebsstunden durchführen. Bei zu niedriger A-Dimension Druckverlust und Leckage zu erwarten.
- Area: Fouling und Verkalkung auf PlattenoberflächenCheck: Druckdifferenz über Wärmetauscher überwachen (Anstieg deutet auf Ablagerungen hin). Wärmeleistung vs. Design-Wert prüfen. CIP-Intervalle nach Performance-Audits optimieren. Ablagerungen erzeugen höhere Pumpenleistung (Energieverschwendung bis 8.000 kWh/Jahr möglich).
- Area: Plattenkorrosion und Risse / DurchbrücheCheck: Nach Demontage Plattenoberflächen auf Lokalmessungen (pittings), Risse und Lochfraß inspizieren. Materialkompatibilität mit Prozessflüssigkeit überprüfen. Ermüdungsrisse besonders an Ecken und Übergängen beobachten. Bei Lochbildung ist Platte unwiederbringlich und muss ersetzt werden.
- Area: Drucktest und DichtigkeitsprüfungCheck: Nach Demontage und Reinigung Hydrostatic Test gemäß Datenblatt durchführen. Prüfdruck typischerweise 1,5× Betriebsdruck. Externe und interne Leckage an allen Anschlüssen und Plattenrändern überprüfen. Befund dokumentieren.
- Area: Plattensequenz und Ausrichtung (5-Punkt-Ausrichtung)Check: Nach Öffnung Plattenfolge und Honeycomb-Muster überprüfen (korrigierte Chevron-Patterns müssen alternieren). 5-Punkt-Alignment System für größere Units aktivieren/validieren. Versatz oder Fehlplatzierung führt zu Kurzschluss und reduziertem Wärmevortrag.
Typ-universelle Inspektionspunkte fuer Alfa Laval Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers (GPHE) (Alfa Laval, 2026-06). Per-Modell-Specs nicht auto-gefuellt.
- CB14
- CB26
- CB30
- CB52
- CB76
- CB112
- 5
- 500
- Design Pressure M-Line
- >10 bar (145 psi)
- Marine Engine Room Modelle
- T6 (DN60, 800 kW) bis T35 (DN350, 35.000 kW)
- Marine FSRU Modelle
- TS45, T45, T50 (DN450-500, 45.000-55.000 kW)
- Temperaturbereich Standard
- 0-180°C (je nach Modell)
- FSRU Temperaturbereich
- -50 bis 150°C
- Plattentypen
- Chevron, Gemini Doppelwand, FlexFlow™
- M-Line (High Pressure Series: M3, M6, M10, M15)
- T-Series (Industrial: T2, T5, T6, T8, T10, T20, T25)
- AQ-Series (HVAC: AQ1, AQ2, AQ3, AQ4, AQ10)
- Marine Line (Engine Room: T6-T35; FSRU: TS45, T45, T50)
- Baseline (Competitive Line)
- Hygienic Line (Premium)
- Area: Gasket-Verschleiß und -VersprödungCheck: Dichtungen visuell auf Risse, Verhärtung, Quellung und Verfärbung inspizieren; Material-Kompatibilität mit Prozessflüssigkeiten überprüfen; ClipGrip™ Befestigung kontrollieren. Alterungserscheinungen und Elastizitätsverlust sind Austausch-Indikatoren.
- Area: Anpress-Maß und Dichtheit (Tightening Dimension A)Check: A-Dimension gemäß Herstellerangaben mit Messschieber überprüfen (metallischer Kontakt erforderlich). Bolzen sauber halten und schmieren. Überdrehen vermeiden. Regelmäßiges Nachziehen nach Betriebsstunden durchführen. Bei zu niedriger A-Dimension Druckverlust und Leckage zu erwarten.
- Area: Fouling und Verkalkung auf PlattenoberflächenCheck: Druckdifferenz über Wärmetauscher überwachen (Anstieg deutet auf Ablagerungen hin). Wärmeleistung vs. Design-Wert prüfen. CIP-Intervalle nach Performance-Audits optimieren. Ablagerungen erzeugen höhere Pumpenleistung (Energieverschwendung bis 8.000 kWh/Jahr möglich).
- Area: Plattenkorrosion und Risse / DurchbrücheCheck: Nach Demontage Plattenoberflächen auf Lokalmessungen (pittings), Risse und Lochfraß inspizieren. Materialkompatibilität mit Prozessflüssigkeit überprüfen. Ermüdungsrisse besonders an Ecken und Übergängen beobachten. Bei Lochbildung ist Platte unwiederbringlich und muss ersetzt werden.
- Area: Drucktest und DichtigkeitsprüfungCheck: Nach Demontage und Reinigung Hydrostatic Test gemäß Datenblatt durchführen. Prüfdruck typischerweise 1,5× Betriebsdruck. Externe und interne Leckage an allen Anschlüssen und Plattenrändern überprüfen. Befund dokumentieren.
- Area: Plattensequenz und Ausrichtung (5-Punkt-Ausrichtung)Check: Nach Öffnung Plattenfolge und Honeycomb-Muster überprüfen (korrigierte Chevron-Patterns müssen alternieren). 5-Punkt-Alignment System für größere Units aktivieren/validieren. Versatz oder Fehlplatzierung führt zu Kurzschluss und reduziertem Wärmevortrag.
Typ-universelle Inspektionspunkte fuer Alfa Laval Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers (GPHE) (Alfa Laval, 2026-06). Per-Modell-Specs nicht auto-gefuellt.
- AlfaNova 14
- AlfaNova 27
- AlfaNova 52
- AlfaNova 76
- 10
- 1000
- Material (CB Series)
- Stainless steel 1.4401 plates, brazed with 100% copper in vacuum furnace
- Material (AlfaNova/AlfaNovaM)
- 100% stainless steel 316 (plates and brazing), patented AlfaFusion™ technology
- Temperature Range (AlfaNova)
- -196°C to 550°C
- Pressure Rating (AlfaNovaM)
- Up to 50 bar
- Design Features
- Gasket-free (brazed) or laser-welded sections; corrugated plate geometry; counter-current flow; single/dual/multi-pass configurations
- Marine Models Available
- AlfaNovaM (HP 27, HP 76, HP 400); CBM series
- CB (Copper-Brazed Series)
- AlfaNova (Fusion-Bonded 100% Stainless Steel)
- AlfaNovaM (Marine-Classified Fusion-Bonded)
- CBM (Copper-Brazed Marine)
- Area: Fouling accumulation (mineral scaling, oil particulates, bio-fouling) reducing thermal efficiency and causing pressure drop increaseCheck: Visual inspection inside heat exchanger after opening plate package; UV light detection—white spots indicate water-soluble scaling, black spots indicate oil-soluble deposits. Monitor pressure drop across unit during operation as early fouling indicator. If fouling detected, perform optimized CIP (Cleaning-in-Place) with custom-formulated cleaning agents (2–4 hours typical duration). Backflushing (3× daily, 30-second pulses) may prevent accumulation.
- Area: Leakage from gasketed interfaces or micro-cracks in plates due to cyclic thermal stress, chemical attack, or pressure fatigueCheck: During operation: inspect for any liquid weeping from gasket glands or plate boundaries—must be zero. Perform periodic integrity testing (recommended every 2 years per Alfa Laval): place donor fluid in primary path, recipient fluid in secondary path, apply positive pressure differential, monitor electronically for donor fluid leakage into secondary circuit. On brazed/fusion-bonded units (CB, AlfaNova), inspect solder/bond lines for microcracks using visual inspection and dye-penetrant testing if available.
- Area: Thermal fatigue and cyclic stress cracking: frequent start-stop cycles and large temperature swings (especially in brazed CB units) cause deformation, gasket blCheck: Monitor inlet and outlet temperature differentials during operation. Document frequency and magnitude of temperature swings. For brazed CB units, be especially cautious—Alfa Laval notes brazed units are sensitive to large, sudden, frequent temperature changes. Inspect solder-joint interfaces during maintenance outages for hairline cracks. Check tightening torque of frame bolts according to Alfa Laval specifications; incorrect bolt load accelerates fatigue. Request Alfa Laval assessment if temperature cycling frequency exceeds design envelope.
- Area: Gasket degradation, cracking, and incompatibility: aging, chemical attack, thermal cycling, and high-temperature volume expansion cause loss of sealing integritCheck: Visually inspect all gasket grooves when plate package is opened—look for cracks, discoloration, swelling, or hardening. Confirm gasket material compatibility with both heat transfer media (check Alfa Laval compatibility matrix). If cracks detected or if unit has been in service >5–7 years, replace gaskets with certified Alfa Laval equivalents using correct groove placement procedure. After replacement, perform torque-down sequence per manual and conduct integrity test before restart.
- Area: Corrosion and pitting of plates, gland seals, and frame components (especially in salt-water marine environments) leading to perforation and contaminationCheck: After opening plate package, inspect plate surfaces under good lighting for pitting, discoloration, or rust staining—prioritize gland/seal areas and plate corners where stagnation may occur. In marine service, perform visual assessment annually or after seasonal lay-ups. For high-corrosion marine duty, verify AlfaNovaM (all-stainless-steel) is in use rather than standard CB (which may have dissimilar metals). Confirm flush/circulation program is followed to prevent salt/sediment accumulation. If pitting observed, consult Alfa Laval on material upgrade or replacement.
- Area: Blockage, clogging, and low shear stress areas in flow channels causing uneven temperature distribution and reduced capacityCheck: Monitor differential temperature across inlet and outlet on each circuit. Uneven temperatures indicate distribution maldistribution or internal blockage. Inspect plate inlet and outlet ports visually for debris or sediment before opening. Compare actual thermal performance (capacity, outlet temperature) against design baseline—significant drop indicates fouling or flow restriction. If blockage suspected in narrow channels, perform flushing with appropriate solvents (per CIP protocol) or request Alfa Laval chemical cleaning. Verify inlet filtration is active to prevent future particulate ingress.
Typ-universelle Inspektionspunkte fuer Alfa Laval Brazed & Fusion-Bonded Plate Heat Exchanger (CB / AlfaNova) (Alfa Laval, 2026-06). Per-Modell-Specs nicht auto-gefuellt.
- AQ-2
- AQ-5
- AQ-7
- AQ-10
- AQ-14
- 200
- 15000
- Design Pressure (MD/MC)
- 13-16 bar(g) shell side; up to 13 bar(g) tube side
- Design Temperature Range
- Up to 204-300°C (varies by model; EH-W limited to 95°C)
- Tube Material (MD/MC)
- Cu/Ni 70/30 (MD-T) or Cu/Ni 90/10 (MC) for seawater/corrosive media
- Shell Material
- Carbon steel (custom materials available)
- Thermal Capacity
- 10 kW to ~5000 kW depending on model and configuration
- Standard Certifications
- ABS, DNV, BV, ClassNK marine classification society approved; CE/PED certified
- Aalborg MD (Drain Cooler / Tank Heater / Oil Cooler)
- Aalborg MC (Compact Oil & Steam Cooler)
- Aalborg MX (Compact U-Tube Heater)
- Aalborg EH (Electric Oil Heater)
- Aalborg EH-W (Electric Water Heater)
- Aalborg EH-U (Engine Jacket Water Cooler)
- Aalborg MP-C (Cargo Heater)
- Aalborg ACE (Air-Cooled Finned Tube Heat Exchangers)
- Area: Tube Bundle Fouling (Scale, Deposits, Biological Growth)Check: Visually inspect tube bundle for scaling, sediment, or biofilm deposits. Measure pressure drop across shell and tube sides; marked increase indicates fouling. Advanced inspection: eddy current testing (ECT) or ultrasonic thickness measurement (UT) to assess internal fouling. If fouling present, remove bundle and flush seawater passages with fresh water.
- Area: Tube Corrosion, Pitting, Erosion (Seawater Side)Check: Visually inspect tubes for pitting, erosion marks, or de-zincification (pinkish copper discoloration). Use fluorescent dye (UV light) for microscopic perforation detection. For ferrous tubes: NFT, RFT, MFL, or IRIS testing. For Cu/Ni: Eddy current testing (ECT). Apply ultrasonic thickness mapping (UT) to identify wall thinning and erosion patterns. Check that seawater pressure remains lower than jacket water pressure to prevent seawater intrusion if perforations occur.
- Area: Tube Leakage (Inter-Tube or Tube-to-Tubesheet)Check: Drain both shell and tube sides completely. Visual inspection of tubesheets and nozzles for visible cracks. Apply soap bubble test: pressurize shell side to working pressure, mask one tubesheet completely, apply soapy liquid on opposite side—leaking tubes create bubbles. Alternative: fluorescent dye solution (dissolve sodium crystals in water surrounding tubes, view under UV light for fluorescent halos indicating small leaks). Perform pressure test to confirm repair after remedial work.
- Area: Zinc Anode Depletion & Galvanic CorrosionCheck: Remove and inspect zinc anodes fitted on cover/shell-side. Measure remaining thickness; replace if degraded below ~6 mm. Never use chemical descaler (phosphoric or proprietary acid) while anodes are installed—acids destroy zinc instantly. For seawater-cooled units: ensure sacrificial anode or impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system is operational. Check electrical continuity and voltage of ICCP system if installed. Document anode replacement date and condition in log.
- Area: Water-Side Scale & Iron Hydroxide Deposits (Jacket Water)Check: Monitor outlet water color for rust or discoloration (iron oxide formation). If present, drain exchanger and inspect interior shell walls and tube exteriors for reddish-brown deposits. Perform chemical cleaning: isolate unit with shutoff valves, circulate phosphoric acid-based descaler (safe for Cu/Ni) via small pump for 30–90 minutes (avoid proprietary acid during anode presence). Flush thoroughly with fresh water after chemical cleaning. Remove anodes before and refit after chemical treatment. Check cover gaskets for damage and renew if necessary.
- Area: Air-Cooled Fin Fouling & Plugged Header (Charge Air Coolers)Check: For air-cooled units (ACE models): inspect fins visually for salt spray deposits, algae, or debris accumulation (reduces air flow). Check header box plugs for seepage under pressure (Alfa Laval SealTight system reduces this risk). Apply low air-side pressure + soapy water on seawater side to detect leak locations (bubbles form at leaks). Mechanical cleaning: gentle water spray or compressed air. If high plugging risk suspected, inspect plug gaskets and threading. For marine environments, monitor corrosion of aluminum fins and apply protective coatings if necessary.
Typ-universelle Inspektionspunkte fuer Alfa Laval Shell-and-Tube & Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers (Marine) (Alfa Laval, 2026-06). Per-Modell-Specs nicht auto-gefuellt.
APV / SPX Flow (Denmark/USA)
1
- N25
- N35
- N50
- Q030
- Q055
- Q080
- 50
- 5000
- Gasket degradation from age and thermal cycling
- Plate fouling from biological growth on seawater side
- Frame alignment issues from repeated opening
Bloksma (Netherlands)
1- B150
- B200
- B300
- B400
- B500
- 20
- 1000
- Tube pitting from seawater chloride
- End cover gasket leakage
- Tube sheet corrosion at tube-to-sheet joints
Bowman (UK)
1
- EC80
- EC100
- EC120
- EC140
- GL140
- GL180
- GL260
- 10
- 500
- Tube bundle erosion from high seawater velocity
- Zinc anode depletion causing accelerated corrosion
- End cover gasket leakage
- Tube scale buildup from hard/tropical water
Dae Sun (South Korea)
1- DS-10
- DS-25
- DS-50
- DS-80
- 30
- 3000
- Gasket quality inconsistency on older production runs
- Plate dimensional tolerances looser than Alfa Laval
- Frame alignment issues
Donghwa Entec (South Korea)
1- DH-15
- DH-30
- DH-50
- DH-80
- DH-100
- 30
- 5000
- Gasket quality variability between production runs
- Plate fouling
- Frame bolt issues from repeated assembly
Funke (Germany)
1
- FP 04
- FP 08
- FP 10
- FP 14
- FP 20
- FP 31
- 20
- 2000
- Gasket degradation from thermal cycling
- Plate fouling from oil-side deposits
- Frame alignment issues
GEA (Germany)
1
- NT50
- NT100
- NT150
- NT250
- NT350
- 50
- 8000
- Gasket deterioration from thermal stress
- Plate pitting from chloride corrosion on seawater side
- Frame bolt elongation from repeated torquing
Hisaka Works (Japan)
1- RX-10
- RX-20
- RX-30
- UX-01
- UX-10
- UX-20
- UX-40
- 30
- 5000
- Gasket degradation — standard PHE issue
- Plate fouling from seawater
- Frame bolt fatigue
Kangrim Heavy Industries (South Korea)
1
- KE-500
- KE-1000
- KE-3000
- KE-5000
- 500
- 20000
- Soot fires — same risk as Aalborg economisers, daily soot blowing mandatory
- Tube erosion from high-velocity exhaust gas
- Feedwater-side corrosion from poor water treatment
- Soot blower mechanism failure
Kelvion (Germany)
1- NX10
- NX25
- NX50
- K055
- K070
- 50
- 5000
- Gasket degradation from age
- Plate fouling
- Frame misalignment from heavy seas vibration
Sasakura Engineering (Japan)
1- VS-15
- VS-25
- VS-50
- VS-75
- VS-100
- Evaporator plate scale buildup from high seawater temperature (>32°C tropics)
- Ejector nozzle erosion from seawater
- Demister pad fouling causing salinity in product water
- Vacuum loss from gasket/seal degradation
Sondex / Danfoss (Denmark)
1
- S4A
- S7A
- S14A
- S19A
- S37
- S62
- 30
- 3000
- Gasket deterioration — standard PHE failure mode
- Plate fouling from seawater side
- Frame alignment issues
SWEP (Sweden)
1- B5
- B8
- B10
- B12
- B15
- B25
- B35
- B80
- B120
- 5
- 300
- Internal fouling — brazed, not cleanable
- Braze joint failure from thermal shock
- Channel blockage from debris
Tranter (USA/Sweden)
1- GX-12
- GX-18
- GX-26
- GX-42
- GX-51
- GX-60
- GC-26
- GC-51
- 30
- 3000
- Gasket deterioration — standard PHE
- Plate fouling from seawater
- Frame alignment issues
Wärtsilä
1
- MOSS IG 2000
- MOSS IG 5000
- MOSS IG 10000
- Scrubber tower internal corrosion from hot acidic gases
- Demister pad clogging/degradation
- Seawater spray nozzle erosion
- Combustion chamber refractory lining degradation