Cargo Tank (Moss, Membrane, Type C)

What sets each containment type apart

A Moss tank is a free-standing sphere resting on a cylindrical skirt, structurally independent of the hull and built to IGC Code Type B rules, which allow it to survive a partial loss of insulation without immediate risk. GTT membrane containment uses a thin corrugated stainless steel or Invar membrane bonded to insulation panels that are in turn supported by the hull structure itself, so the tank shape follows the hull rather than the hull being shaped around a sphere. This is why membrane LNG carriers have a more conventional, boxy hull form and generally more usable cargo volume for the same overall dimensions. Type C tanks are pressure vessels, cylindrical or bi-lobe, built to conventional pressure vessel codes and used mainly on LPG and smaller LNG or ethylene carriers where cargo can be carried at higher pressure with less deep refrigeration, trading insulation complexity for a simpler, more robust tank.

Main components

Moss tank

Aluminium or 9% nickel steel sphere, supported on an equatorial skirt, with polyurethane foam insulation applied externally and a domed deck house structure, the characteristic visible spheres, protecting the tank top.

Membrane tank

Primary barrier, the thin corrugated membrane in direct contact with cargo, an insulation space, a secondary barrier designed to contain cargo for a defined period if the primary fails, and a second insulation space bonded to the inner hull.

Type C tank

Thick-walled pressure vessel, typically 9% nickel steel or stainless steel, with saddle or skirt supports, insulated where deeper refrigeration than fully pressurised carriage requires.

Boil-off and reliquefaction system

Common to all three types: cargo that absorbs heat boils off and must be reliquefied, used as fuel, or burned off, sized differently depending on the containment type's insulation performance.

Selection

The decision sits mostly with the shipyard and owner at newbuild stage rather than something chosen later, since it defines the hull. Type C is chosen for LPG, ethylene and smaller-scale LNG where pressurised or semi-refrigerated carriage suits the trade. Membrane is now dominant for large LNG carriers because of its cargo volume efficiency. Moss spheres remain in service on older LNG tonnage and some specialist trades, valued for tank independence and inspection access, but few new Moss ships have been ordered in recent years as membrane technology has closed the boil-off gap.

Regulations and class

All three fall under the IGC Code, which classifies containment systems as Type A, B or C based on the level of secondary barrier protection required and the consequences assumed from a leak. Type B systems, Moss spheres and some membrane designs, require a partial secondary barrier or drip tray; Type C tanks, being fully independent pressure vessels of proven design, generally need no secondary barrier because a leak is not expected to threaten the hull. Class societies survey tank structure, insulation condition and boil-off performance on a periodic basis, with membrane systems subject to specific in-service inspection regimes agreed with the system licensor.

Typical faults

What to look for in a supplier

• For Moss and membrane repair work, licensor-approved contractors only, since GTT and Moss Maritime both maintain approved repair yard lists and unapproved work can void class approval of the containment system.
• For Type C tank work, pressure vessel code compliance matching the code the tank was originally built to, and welder qualification for the specific tank material.
• Boil-off gas analysis and hull steel temperature monitoring system compatibility with the vessel's existing cargo control system.
• Documented track record on the specific containment type, since Moss, membrane and Type C repair skills are not interchangeable.

Track boil-off rate trend over voyages, not just the single-voyage figure - a slow upward creep is usually insulation degradation long before it shows up as a visible defect at survey.